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Car Engine—— The Heart of the Car Revealed!

Posted on by Daisy
09
Jan
      Car engine is the car’s “heart”, it is the vehicle’s power source, it “eats” the oxygen in the air and gasoline and other fuels, generating rotary power, through the engine behind the flywheel to the chassis transmission and other institutions, and ultimately drive the vehicle.
       In the previous post, we covered in detail the role, workings, and processes of an automobile engine and analyzed in depth the basic principles of the crank linkage mechanism and the air distribution mechanism. These elements helped us initially understand how the engine converts the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical energy, providing a constant flow of power to the car. However, there is much more to the engine than that. In this article, we will continue to focus on the core structure of the engine, an in-depth analysis of its cooling system, lubrication system, fuel supply system, ignition system, as well as the intake and exhaust systems and key components, to bring you a comprehensive understanding of this complex and sophisticated “heart of the car”.

Components of Basic Car Engine Construction

The Car engine is the power plant of the car, it will be the chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy, and then the thermal energy into mechanical energy, the engine consists of 2 major institutions and 5 major systems: crank linkage mechanism; gas distribution mechanism; cooling system, fuel supply system, lubrication system, ignition system, starting system, note that the diesel engine than the gasoline engine less than an ignition system. Next, we introduce the five systems of the automotive powertrain:

Cooling system

It generally consists of a water tank, water pump, radiator, fan, thermostat, water temperature gauge, and drain switch. Automobile engines use two types of cooling, namely air cooling and water cooling. Generally, automobile engines are mostly water-cooled. The cooling system ensures that the engine operates at the proper temperature through the coolant circulation process and temperature regulation mechanism to prevent overheating or overcooling.

Lubrication system

The engine lubrication system consists of an oil pump, a collector filter, an oil filter, oil passages, a pressure limiting valve, an oil gauge, a pressure sensing plug, and a dipstick. The main role of the lubrication system is to reduce the internal friction of the engine, prolong its life, and keep it clean.

Fuel supply system

There is a certain difference between the main composition of the gasoline engine and the fuel engine supply system, in which the gasoline engine fuel system includes a gasoline tank, gasoline gauge, gasoline pipe, gasoline filter, gasoline pump, carburetor, air filter, and so on. Diesel engine fuel systems include injection pumps, injectors governors and other major components and diesel tanks, delivery pumps, oil-water separators, diesel filters, injection advance and high and low-pressure fuel lines, and other auxiliary devices.

Ignition system

The engine ignition system consists of spark plugs, ignition coils, and distributors, which provide ignition energy for combustion through high-voltage current generation and ignition timing control.

Priming system

The starter system consists of a starter motor and its accessories, which are used to start a stationary engine and turn it into self-operation.

Engine Maintenance Essentials

From the above car construction, we can note the points of daily maintenance of the car engine:

  • Regular replacement of lubricating oil
  • Check the cooling system and replace the coolant regularly
  • Clean the throttle, intake manifold, combustion chamber, and injector carbon deposits
  • Regular replacement of air filters
  • Pay attention to the maintenance of the ignition system
  • Regularly check the fuel system

New car engine technologies and trends

As the “heart” of the automobile, the engine relies on a high degree of coordination of all systems. However, traditional engines are constantly evolving and being upgraded as technology advances and environmental demands increase.

In the automotive field, turbocharging and mechanical supercharging are two common types of supercharging. Compared with mechanical supercharging, turbocharging does not consume engine power and is therefore widely used in some high-performance vehicles. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, with turbochargers having an advantage in terms of cost and responsiveness, while mechanical superchargers are more stable in terms of power output.

Turbocharging vs. mechanical supercharging

  • A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a pressurizer. When exhaust gas passes through the turbine, the turbine rotates, which in turn rotates the pressurizer, which compresses the air and sends it into the engine, enabling the engine to burn more fuel and increase the engine’s power. Turbochargers are relatively simple and low-cost, but they take some time to build up pressure, so there may be turbo lag at low speeds.
  • Mechanical supercharging utilizes the power of the engine to drive the compressor to rotate, compressing the air and feeding it into the engine to increase the engine’s power. Mechanical superchargers are relatively complex and costly, but are more responsive and provide better power response.

Hybridization and Electrification Trends

In China, for example, in 2023, sales of plug-in/boosted program hybrid passenger cars reached 2.754 million units, up 85.5% year-on-year, with the growth rate exceeding that of purely electric passenger cars for five consecutive quarters, and higher than the overall growth rate of the new energy vehicle market. It is expected that by 2025, the share of China’s plug-in/propulsion hybrid passenger car sales will rise to 40%.

Construction characteristics of hybrid engines

There are various kinds of hybrid cars, what we call hybrid cars mostly refer to the car using gasoline drive and electric power drive two drive methods, the key is the hybrid power system, its performance is directly related to the hybrid car performance of the whole car.

HEVs, or hybrid cars, use a combination of batteries and gasoline for power. The batteries, typically high-power lithium-ion or nickel-metal hydride, or sometimes supercapacitors, mainly power starting and acceleration. These cars rely on regenerative braking to recharge the batteries, rather than charging them externally. The battery capacity is usually around 10 Ah.
PHEVs, or plug-in hybrid vehicles, have battery capacities ranging from 30 to 60 Ah. These vehicles can travel 50 to 80 kilometers on battery power alone, with the rest of the journey relying on gasoline. The battery must meet both EV (electric vehicle) and HEV (hybrid vehicle) power requirements. You can charge the battery at home using a power supply, usually under 10A, which results in a longer charging time. Alternatively, using high-current charging can reduce the charging time to 10 to 30 minutes, but this requires specialized charging facilities.

In conclusion, a hybrid drive connects in three ways: parallel, series, and hybrid connection within the system assembly. The construction and working principle of the connection methods are different, we will explore the difference of hybrid drive in depth in the third article, please stay tuned.

The Future of Conventional Engines in the Face of Electrification

Automotive electric engines have become a game changer in the transportation industry, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional internal combustion engines. Electric engines utilize electric motors powered by rechargeable batteries to drive vehicles, eliminating the need for fossil fuels and reducing emissions. As the automotive industry embraces electrification, the automotive electric engine market is winning over consumers and manufacturers alike, driving innovation and shaping the future of mobility.

concluding remarks

As the “heart” of an automobile, the engine’s complex and precise structure and efficient operation principles reflect the wisdom of modern engineering. From the core structure to the emerging technology, to the daily maintenance points, each part is related to the performance and life of the engine. Through scientific maintenance and the application of new technologies, we can not only extend the service life of the automobile engine but also enhance the driving experience, while responding to the trend of environmental protection and promoting the sustainable development of the automotive industry.

The secrets of the automotive engine go far beyond this, and its evolution and future development direction are still writing a new chapter. We look forward to more innovative technologies to inject new vitality into the automotive powertrain and hope that every car owner can better understand and take care of their cars so that the engine is always in the best condition to accompany you along the way.

Daisy

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